四執

(四執, 四执)

The four erroneous tenets; also [lang id =1028]四邪; [lang id =1028]四迷; [lang id =1028]四術; there are two groups:

I.

The four of the [lang id =1028]外道 outsiders, or non-Buddhists, i. e. of Brahminism, concerning the law of cause and effect:

(1) [lang id =1028]邪因邪果 heretical theory of causation, e. g. creation by Mahesvara;

(2) [lang id =1028]無因有果 or [lang id =1028]自然, effect independent of cause, e. g. creation without a cause, or spontaneous generation;

(3) [lang id =1028]有因無果 cause without effect, e. g. no future life as the result of this.

(4) [lang id =1028]無因無果 neither cause nor effect, e. g. that rewards and punishments are independent of morals.

II.

The four erroneous tenets of [lang id =1028]內外道 insiders and outsiders, Buddhist and Brahman, also styled [lang id =1028]四宗 the four schools, as negated in the [lang id =1028]中論 <Mādhyamika śāstra>:

(1) outsiders, who do not accept either the [lang id =1028]人 (zh) ren or [lang id =1028]法 (zh) fa ideas of [lang id =1028]空 (zh) kong;

(2) insiders who hold the Abhidharma or Sarvāstivādāḥ tenet, which recognizes [lang id =1028]人空 human impersonality, but not [lang id =1028]法空 the unreality of things;

(3) also those who hold the [lang id =1028]成實 Satyasiddhi tenet which discriminates the two meanings of [lang id =1028]空 (zh) kong but not clearly; and also

(4) those in Mahāyāna who hold the tenet of the realists.